This is the Leeds Trinity University Library guide to APA 7th, the referencing style used by the American Psychological Association (APA). For best results, view this page in full screen.
Need help with DOIs? Watch a short video explaining DOIs and how to use them in references.
For specific resource examples please visit the A-Z of APA referencing examples page.
Select a resource type to view specific examples of APA referencing
You do not need to include Acts of Parliament in your reference list. All you need is an in-text citation with the title and year of the Act, and details of the specific section where appropriate.
Example in-text citations
The Finance Act 2015 demonstrates this.
Section 1 of the Finance Act 2015 demonstrates this.
Recent legislation demonstrates this (Finance Act 2015).
AI tools can be used in various ways. To generate content that you may use in your work to support or refute an argument or to generate ideas or a list of specific examples in response to a prompt. If you use a generative AI tool in any capacity, you should provide information in your work detailing the AI tool used, any prompts provided and (if appropriate) include any content generated in an appendix. As with other sources you should provide a citation and a corresponding reference. For further information see the Library's Artificial Intelligence guide.
Reference format
Company (that owns the AI tool used). (Year). Name of AI tool (Version number if available) [Description]. URL
Example full reference
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (May 24 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/
Example in-text citations
With prompt
When prompted with 'Describe the functions of the brain', OpenAI (2023) generated text indicating that there are several key functions including cognition, motor control, emotion and mood regulation.
Without prompt
OpenAI (2023) generated text indicates that there are several key functions including cognition, motor control, emotion and mood regulation.
Citation explaining use of AI
Text generated by ChatGPT-3 (OpenAI, 2023) was used to create the structure for this essay, the writing is my own.
Citation signposting to appendix
OpenAI (2023) see appendix.
Add prompt used and purpose of AI to the appendix to reduce word count in assignment text.
If you mention the name of an app, but do not paraphrase or quote something from it, you do not need to reference it.
If the publisher is the same as the company, leave the publisher out of the reference.
Reference format
Company name. (Year). Name of app [Mobile application software] (Version number). Publisher. URL
Example full reference
Zinkia Entertainment. (2015). Pocoyo Disco [Mobile application software] (Version 1.4). https://play.google.cm/stone/apps/details?
id=com/zinkia.pocoyo_disco&hi=en_GB
Example in-text citations
The app Pocoyo Disco by Zinkia Entertainment (2015) lets you create your own music videos.
The app Pocoyo Disco lets you create your own music videos (Zinkia Entertainment, 2015).
A Bill is a proposal for a new law, or proposal to change an existing law, that is presented for debate before Parliament.
Reference format
House of Parliament. (Year). Title of Bill (Bill number). Publisher. URL.
Example full reference
House of Commons. (2013). Access to Mental Health Services Bill (106 2013-2014). Stationery Office. https://services.parliament.
uk/bills/2013-14/accesstomentalhealthservices.html
Example in-text citations
Evident in the Access to Mental Health Services Bill (House of Commons, 2013).
The Access to Mental Health Services Bill was heard in the House of Commons (2013).
You should only reference a blog post if you are confident that it is a reliable academic source. If in doubt, ask your lecturer.
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Date). Title of blog post. Title of blog. URL
Example full reference
Bak-Maier, M. (2019, March 23). Practical tips for overcoming the fear of failure. Times Higher Education blog.
https://www.timeshighereducation.com/blog/practical-tips- overcoming-fear-failure-and-success
Example in-text citations
Bak-Maier (2019) studied the roots of imposter syndrome.
Imposter syndrome has many possible causes (Bak-Maier, 2019).
For guidance on multiple authors or editors, see Number of authors.
You only need to specify the edition of a book if it is the 2nd edition or later. This information is usually on the cover or title page.
If the e-book or e-book chapter has a DOI, you can use this in the reference in place of the URL.
If the URL is very long or does not take you directly to the e-book, you can use the URL of the main website where the book can be found, e.g. https://www.vlebooks.com or https://scholar.google.co.uk.
Page numbers although it is not required to provide a page number in the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one in addition to the author and year where it would help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work such as a book.
E-book with author(s)
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of book (Edition.). Publisher. URL
Example full reference
Howitt, D. (2018). Introduction to forensic and criminal psychology (6th ed.). Pearson. https://www.vlebooks.com
Example in-text citations
Howitt (2018) notes that forensic psychology is constantly evolving.
Forensic psychology is constantly evolving (Howitt, 2018).
E-book with editor(s)
Use this format for referencing an edited book, where each chapter is usually written by a different author.
This format is for referencing the whole book. If you want to reference a specific chapter, see Chapter in an edited e-book (below).
Reference format
Editor Surname, Initial. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book (Edition.) Publisher. URL
Example full reference
Manning-Morton, J. (Ed.). (2014). Exploring well-being in the early years. Open University Press. http://www.vlebooks.com
Example in-text citations
Manning-Morton (2014) studied wellbeing in young children.
Wellbeing is important even in young children (Manning-Morton, 2014).
Chapter in an edited e-book
Reference format
Author of chapter Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of chapter. In Editor of book Initial, Surname (Ed.), Title of book (edition, page numbers for whole chapter). Publisher. URL.
Example full reference
Dickins, M. (2014). Young children's well-being in times of austerity. In J. Manning-Morton (Ed.), Exploring well-being in the early years (pp.44-53).
Open University Press. http://www.vlebooks.com
Example in-text citations
Dickins (2014) found that children's wellbeing can suffer in times of austerity.
Children's wellbeing can suffer in times of austerity (Dickins, 2014).
For guidance on multiple authors or editors, see Number of authors.
You only need to specify the edition of a book if it is the 2nd edition or later. This information is usually on the cover or title page of the book.
Page numbers although it is not required to provide a page number in the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one in addition to the author and year where it would help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work such as a book.
Book with author(s)
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of book (Edition.). Publisher.
Example full reference
Howitt, D. (2018). Introduction to forensic and criminal psychology (6th ed.). Pearson.
Example in-text citations
Howitt (2018) notes that forensic psychology is constantly evolving.
Forensic psychology is constantly evolving (Howitt, 2018).
Book with editor(s)
Use this format for referencing an edited book, where each chapter is usually written by a different author.
This format is for referencing the whole book. If you want to reference a specific chapter, see Chapter in an edited book (below).
Reference format
Editor Surname, Initial. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book (Edition.). Publisher.
Example full reference
Holliman, A. J. (Ed.). (2014). The Routledge international companion to educational psychology. Routledge.
Example in-text citations
Holliman (2014) provides an international overview of educational psychology.
Educational psychology can vary between countries (Holliman, 2014).
Chapter in an edited book
Reference format
Author of chapter Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of chapter. In Editor of book Initial, Surname (Ed.), Title of book (edition, page numbers). Publisher.
Example full reference
Radley, A. (2015). Suffering. In M. Murray (Ed.), Critical health psychology (2nd ed., pp. 31-43). Palgrave Macmillan.
Example in-text citations
Radley (2015) explains various ways that people communicate suffering.
People communicate suffering in various different ways (Radley, 2015).
Republished or modern edition of a classic book
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year of new/republished edition). Title of book (Edition.). Publisher. (Original work published Year)
Example full reference
Milgram, S. (2010). Obedience to authority (New ed.). Pinter & Martin. (Original work published 1974)
Example in-text citations
Milgram (1974/2010) was surprised by participants’ willingness to follow orders.
People can be surprisingly willing to follow orders (Milgram, 1974/2010).
Translated book
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title in English (Translator Initial, Surname, Trans.). Publisher.
Example full reference
Piaget, J. (1969). The psychology of the child (H. Weaver, Trans.). Basic Books.
Example in-text citations
Piaget (1969) explains how children develop in several stages.
Children develop in several stages (Piaget, 1969).
If you mentioned a code or software in your text, but have not paraphrased or quoted from it, you do not need to reference it.
You must cite and reference any written code you have copied or adapted, even if it is freely available.
Computer code (from a book)
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of book (Edition.). Publisher.
Example full reference
Flanagan, D. (2002). JavaScript pocket reference (2nd ed.). O’Reilly.
Example in-text citations
Flanagan (2002, pp. 34-35).
Computer code (from a website)
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Date). Title of webpage. Name of website. URL.
Example full reference
Hani, M. K. (2020, April 25). Java Jasper example. GitHub. https://githubcom./hmkcode/Java/commit/
dc0b1bcee3fa234288986fec7ee945ae040e16
Example in-text citation
Hani (2002)
(Hani, 2002)
Computer software
If no specific author is named, use the company name as the author.
If the publisher and the company name are the same, you do not need to list the publisher in the reference.
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title [Computer Software]. Publisher. URL.
Example full reference
Solid Solutions. (2021). Solidworks visualize [Computer Software]. https://www.solidsolutions.co.uk/solidworks/Visualize/Packa ges/default.aspx
Example in-text citation
This software enables the user to create professional content (Solid Solutions, 2021).
Solid Solutions (2021) software enables the user to create professional content.
Conference paper (online)
For online conference papers, the date should include the full dates of the conference if possible. This information should be available in the paper or online.
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Dates of conference). Title of paper [Conference presentation]. Name of conference, Location. URL or DOI.
Example full reference
Rossiter, J. A. (2019, December 16-17). Using computers for end of year examinations [Conference presentation]. UK and Ireland 7th Engineering
Education Research Network Annual Symposium, Warwick, UK. http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/153449/.
Example in-text citations
Rossiter (2019) investigated the use of computers for end-of-year exams.
Computers have been used for end-of-year exams (Rossiter, 2019).
Conference paper (published in a book)
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of paper. In Editor Initial, Surname (Ed.). Title of book (page numbers). Publisher.
Example full reference
Vanfraechem-Raway, E. (2005). Psychological relationship between trainers and young players: leadership aspects. In T. Reilly, J. Cabri & D. Araujo
(Eds.). Science and Football V: The proceedings of the Fifth World Congress on Science and Football (pp. 590-597). Routledge.
Example in-text citations
Vanfraechem-Raway (2005) studied relationships between trainers and players.
Relationships between trainers and players are important (Vanfraechem-Raway, 2005).
In this example the Author refers to the person who wrote the individual entry, while the Editor(s) refers to the editor(s) of the dictionary or encyclopaedia as a whole.
Dictionary or encyclopaedia entry (online)
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of entry. In Editor Initial, Surname (Ed.), Title of dictionary or encyclopaedia (Edition.). URL
Example reference
Downes, S. M. (2018). Evolutionary psychology. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evolutionary-psychology/
Example in-text citations
Downes (2018) states that evolutionary psychology is informed by biology.
Evolutionary psychology is informed by biology (Downes, 2018).
Dictionary or encyclopaedia entry (print)
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of entry. In Editor Initial, Surname (Ed.), Title of dictionary or encyclopaedia (edition, page numbers of entry). Publisher.
Example full reference
Crittenden, P. M. (2008). Attachment theory. In G. J. Towl, D. P. Farrington, D. A. Crighton, & G. Hughes (Eds.), Dictionary of forensic psychology (pp.
11-13). Willan.
Example in-text citations
Crittenden (2008) notes that there are several versions of attachment theory.
There are several versions of attachment theory (Crittenden, 2008).
Page numbers although it is not required to provide a page number in the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one in addition to the author and year where it would help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work such as a dissertation or theses.
Dissertation or thesis (online)
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis [Type of dissertation or thesis, Name of university]. Name of website. URL
Example full reference
Albor, C. (2011). Are poor people healthier in rich or poor areas?: The psychosocial effects of socioeconomic incongruity in the neighbourhood
[PhD thesis, University of York]. White Rose eTheses. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1595/
Example in-text citations
Albor (2011) found a correlation between geographical living areas and health.
Health has been linked to geographical living area (Albor, 2011).
Dissertation or thesis (print)
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis [Unpublished dissertation/thesis]. Name of university,
Example full reference
Jersakova, R. (2013). Exploring the effects of emotion on semantic memory retrieval monitoring [Unpublished PhD thesis]. University of Leeds.
Example in-text citations
Jersakova (2013) found a relationship between emotion and memory retrieval.
Emotion has been found to affect memory retrieval (Jersakova, 2013).
Reference format
Director Surname, Initial. (Director). (Year released). Title of film [Film]. Production company.
Example full reference
Coogler, R. (Director). (2018). Black Panther [Film]. Marvel Studios.
Example in-text citations
Coogler (2018) explores themes of royalty and succession in Black Panther.
Themes of royalty and succession are explored in Black Panther (Coogler, 2018).
Time stamp you may use a time stamp in citations for both direct quotes and paraphrases from films in place of page numbers. Follow the pattern hours/minutes/seconds. (Coggler, 2018, 1:10:25) here the 1:10:25 refers to 1 hour 10 minutes and 25 seconds into the film.
Hansard is a record of UK parliamentary debates. Your reference should state whether the debate took place in the House of Commons or the House of Lords.
In your in-text citations, use the column number in place of a page number, as it helps to identify which specific part of the document you are referencing.
Reference format
Hansard. (Year, Month Date). House of Commons/Lords Debate (volume number), column number. URL
Example full reference
Hansard. (2015, March 3). House of Commons debate (593), col. 803. http://www.publications.parliament.
uk/pa/cm201415/cmhansrd/ cm150303/debtext/1503030001.htm#150303103000020
Example in-text citations
Hansard (2015, col. 803) illustrates how local MPs are concerned with global issues.
Parliamentary debates illustrate how local MPs are concerned with global issues (Hansard, 2015, col. 803).
The following advice is for any images you did not create yourself which you are using in your work. This might include photos, illustrations, charts, tables etc., which you found online, in a book, or elsewhere.
If the creator of the image is unknown, start the reference with the title (or short description if there is no title).
For any images you use in your work (e.g. as screenshots), include a figure number and the title (or a short description) below it as a caption. The caption should include an in-text citation for the source where you found the image (see example below).
Refer to the illustrations, images or photographs in your text by the figure number assigned to it, e.g. see Figure 1.
Include a full reference for the source of the image in your reference list.
Image from a website
If including the image in your work, give the image a figure number and use the following layout with a caption below.
Insert image here
Figure 1. Water molecule (BBC, 2021).
Reference format
Artist/photographer surname, Initial. (Year). Title of image [Type of image]. Website name. URL
Example full reference
BBC. (2021). Water molecule [Infographic]. BBC Bitesize. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/z9r4jxs/articles/zkd3rwx
Example in-text citation
The BBC (2021) used an image of a water molecule (see Figure 1).
The image used on the Bitesize website (see Figure 1) illustrates this (BBC, 2021).
Image from a book
Reference format
Artist/photographer surname, Initial. (Year image created). Title of image [Type of image]. In Author surname, Initial. (Year of publication). Title of
book (page number). Publisher. URL (if an e-book)
Example full reference
McCartney, P. (1990). John’s room [Painting]. In McCartney, P. (2000). Paintings (p. 115). Little, Brown and Company.
Example in-text citation
Figure 2 is an example of artwork by McCartney (1990, p. 115).
Figure 2 is an example of his work (McCartney, 1990, p. 115).
Clip art or stock images
You do not need to provide a citation or reference for images and clip art from programs such as Canva, Microsoft Word and Microsoft PowerPoint. When you (or the University) purchase the program, you also purchase a license to use the clip art and images that come with the program.
Journal article (online)
If no DOI is available, use the URL instead. For more information see URLs and DOIs.
To format a DOI in a reference, use the prefix https://doi.org/ before the DOI number. See examples below.
For more information on volume and issue numbers, see What are journal volume numbers and issue numbers?
Page numbers although it is not required to provide a page number in the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one in addition to the author and year where it would help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work such as a journal article.
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of article. Title of journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers of whole article.
https://doi.org/10.xxx...
Example full reference
With DOI:
Miller, R. L. (2014). Community psychology, evaluation, and social critique. American Journal of Evaluation, 36(1), 89-99.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214014557694
With URL:
Miller, R. L. (2014). Community psychology, evaluation, and social critique. American Journal of Evaluation, 36(1), 89-99. http://aje.sagepub.com/
Example in-text citations
Miller (2014) studied the relationship between community psychology and evaluation.
Community psychology can influence evaluation (Miller, 2014).
Journal article (advance online publication)
Sometimes journal articles become available on the journal website before they appear in the print version of the journal. This means there is no volume number, issue number or page numbers to use in the reference. If no DOI is available, use the URL.
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of article. Title of journal. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.xxx...
Example full reference
Lee, S., & Barnes, C. (2020). An attributional process model of workplace gossip. Journal of Applied Psychology. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000504
Example in-text citations
Lee and Barnes (2020) made a process model for workplace gossip.
Workplace gossip has multiple causes (Lee & Barnes, 2020).
Journal article (print)
Even if you read the journal article in print, it is recommended that you include the DOI for the online version of the article in the reference if possible. If there is no DOI, leave it out.
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of article. Title of journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers. https://doi.org/10.xxx...
Example full reference
Miller, R. L. (2014). Community psychology, evaluation, and social critique. American Journal of Evaluation, 36(1), 89-99.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214014557694
Example in-text citations
Miller (2014) studied the relationship between community psychology and evaluation.
Community psychology has been found to have an influence on evaluation (Miller, 2014).
Journal article (translated to English)
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Foreign language title of article [English language title of article]. Title of journal, volume number(issue number),
page numbers. https://doi.org/10.xxx...
Example full reference
Le Moigne, P. (2014). La santé mentale comme philosophie politique: La psychologie du soi et le progrès social [Mental health as political
philosophy: The psychology of the self and social progress]. L'Évolution Psychiatrique, 79(4), 683-695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evopsy.2013.05.001
Example in-text citations
Le Moigne (2014) discusses mental health as political philosophy.
Mental health has been linked to political philosophy (Le Moigne, 2014).
All judgments after 2001 have a neutral citation, a format independent of the publishing source which allows for immediate online publishing.
Via the following link you can find a list of legal abbreviations.
Neutral citation
Reference format
Case name (Year) Court abbreviation Number of case.
Example full reference
Nzolameso v City of Westminster (2015) UKSC 22.
Example in-text citations
Nzolameso v City of Westminster (2015) demonstrates this.
This is demonstrated in recent case law (Nzolameso v City of Westminster, 2015).
Report citation
Reference format
Case name (Year) Volume Law report abbreviation Page number.
Example full reference
Fisher v Bell (1961) 1 QB 394.
Example in-text citations
Fisher v Bell (1961) demonstrates this.
This is demonstrated in case law (Fisher v Bell, 1961).
Magazine article (online)
Some magazines use volume and issue numbers (similar to journals) which should be included in the reference. If the magazine does not use these numbers, leave them out.
Page numbers although it is not required to provide a page number in the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one in addition to the author and year where it would help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work such as a magazine article.
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Date). Article title. Magazine title, volume number (issue number). URL
Example full reference
Griffin, J. (2020, June). Supporting parent carers. The Psychologist, 33. https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-33/june-2020/supporting
-parent-carers
Example in-text citations
Griffin (2020) discussed emotional wellbeing in parents of disabled children.
Parenting disabled children can affect emotional wellbeing (Griffin, 2020).
Magazine article (print)
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Date). Article title. Magazine title, volume number (issue number), page numbers.
Example full reference
Griffin, J. (2020, June). Supporting parent carers. The Psychologist, 33, 28-31.
Example in-text citations
Griffin (2020) discussed emotional wellbeing in parents of disabled children.
Parenting disabled children can affect emotional wellbeing (Griffin, 2020).
Links on Moodle are usually compiled by your tutor and often contain book chapters, journal articles, and occasionally links to PowerPoint presentations.
For links to books and journal articles, you are advised to find the original version in order to reference it (e.g. by finding the full e-book for a book chapter). If this isn’t possible, produce a citation and reference for the linked item with the information you have available.
Powerpoint slides in Moodle
If you wish to reference a PowerPoint presentation linked from Moodle, the author in this case would be the lecturer who created and uploaded it.
Page numbers - for Moodle links to book chapters, journal articles or reports although it is not required to provide a page number in the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one in addition to the author and year where it would help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work such as a book, journal article or report.
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title [PowerPoint slides]. Moodle Module code. URL
Example full reference
Smith, R. (2017). American History [PowerPoint slides]. Moodle HIS6500. http://moodle.leedstrinity.net
Example in-text citations
Smith (2017) argues that it was essential for settlers to gain employment in agriculture in order to make ends meet.
It was essential for settlers to gain employment in agriculture in order to make ends meet (Smith, 2017).
It is not necessary to specify how you listened to a musical recording (streaming, C.D etc.) but you should choose either album or single track as appropriate. Include the URL if that is the only way to access the recording (e.g. from a band’s website).
Album
Reference format
Recording artist surname, initial(s) or group. (Year). Title of album [Album]. Record label.
Example full reference
Kane, M. (2011). Colour of the trap [Album]. Columbia.
Example in-text references
In the recording of his album, Kane (2011) demonstrates this.
This is demonstrated in the recording of the album (Kane, 2011).
Single track
Reference format
Recording artist surname, initial(s) or group. (Year). Title of song [Song]. On Title of album. Record label.
Example full reference
The Prodigy. (1996). Breathe [Song]. On The Fat of the Land. X-L Recordings.
Example in-text reference
In the recording of their album, The Prodigy (1996) demonstrate this.
This is demonstrated in the recording of the album (The Prodigy, 1996).
Musical score
Reference format
Composer surname, initial(s) or group. (Year). Title (Editor or translator name if applicable) [Type of score]. Publisher.
Example full reference
Picker, T., and McClatchy, J. D. (1995). Emmeline: An opera in two acts [Study score]. Schott Music.
Example in-text references
In the recording, Picker and McClatchy (1995) demonstrate this.
This is demonstrated in the recording (Picker and McClatchy, 1995).
News article (online)
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Date). Article title. Name of website. URL
Example full reference
Weale, S. (2020, May 7). Prioritise play when schools reopen, say mental health experts. Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com
/education/2020/may/07/prioritise-play-when-schools-reopen-say-mental-health-experts-coronavirus-lockdown
Example in-text citations
Weale (2020) argued that play should be a priority for children at school.
Play should be a priority for children at school (Weale, 2020).
News article (print)
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Date). Article title. Newspaper Title, page numbers.
Example full reference
Weale, S. (2020, May 7). Prioritise play when schools reopen, say mental health experts. Guardian, 15-16.
Example in-text citations
Weale (2020) argued that play should be a priority for children at school.
Play should be a priority for children at school (Weale, 2020).
Patent
Reference format
Inventor Surname, Initial. (Year of issue).Title (Patent No.). Issuing office. URL
Example full reference
Chatwin, A. and Slater, S. (1905). Improvements relating to reamers (Patent No. GB190423554). European Patent Office.
https://worldwide.espacenet.com
Example in-text references
Improvements to reamers were invented by Chatwin and Slater (1905).
Improvements to reamers were invented at this time (Chatwin and Slater, 1905).
Standard
Reference format
Organisation. (Year of issue). Title (Standard Number). URL
Example full reference
British Standards Institute. (2011). Graphical symbols. Safety colours and safety signs. Design principles for safety signs and safety markings (BS
ISO 3864-1:2011). http://shop.bsigroup.com/Prod uctDetail/?pid=000000000030197378
Example in-text references
Specific graphic symbols and shapes should be used for safety signs, according to standards outlined by the British Standards Institute (2011).
Specific graphic symbols and shapes should be used for safety signs (British Standards Institute, 2011).
At times it may be necessary to reference personal communications if relevant (for example, when writing a more personal or reflective essay). These may include: emails; phone calls; interviews; non-recorded lecture notes, etc.
Personal communications are not included in the reference list, because it is not usually possible for others to check them, but they may be included as an appendix if appropriate. Personal communications should still be cited in the text.
Example in-text citations
This was confirmed by J. Singh (personal communication, January 15, 2020).
Further confirmation was provided by email (J. Singh, personal communication, January 15, 2020).
Humanities students may be required to follow strict conventions on the use of titles of plays and poems etc and should seek advice from departmental staff.
For plays in print or e-book format, reference them as you would a book.
Play (live performance)
Reference format
Director Surname, Initial. (Director). (Year, Month Date). Title of play by Name of playwright. Theatre, City.
Example full reference
Leach, A. (Director). (2017, March 6). Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. Leeds Playhouse, Leeds.
Example in-text citations
Leach (2017)’s production of Romeo and Juliet was set in the present day.
A modern-day version of Romeo and Juliet was staged in Leeds (Leach, 2017).
Acts, Scenes & Lines If you wish to quote from a play or direct the reader to a specific section that you have paraphrased include in your citation the act and scene (and in the case of a play in print/e-book format the lines)in place of page numbers. The following example (Shakespeare, 1623/1995, 1.3.36-37)refers to Act 1, Scence 3, Lines 36 and 37 in the print version of Much Ado About Nothing.
You should only reference a podcast if you are confident that it is a reliable academic source. If in doubt, ask your lecturer.
In general, you should not reference a lecture podcast created by your lecturer. Instead, you should do your own reading and reference appropriate academic sources.
Reference format
Host Surname, Initial (Host). (Year, Month Date). Title of podcast episode (Episode number) [Audio podcast]. In Title of podcast. Provider or
company. URL
Example full reference
Taylor, L. (Host). (2019, May 8). Conspiracy theories (Episode 4) [Audio podcast]. In Thinking Allowed. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/
programmes/m0004sly
Example in-text citations
Taylor (2019) discussed the origins of conspiracy theories.
Conspiracy theories have complex origins (Taylor, 2019).
Time stamp you may use a time stamp in citations for both direct quotes and paraphrases from podcasts in place of page numbers. Follow the pattern hours/minutes/seconds. (Taylor, 2019, 10:12) here the 10:12 refers to 10 minutes and 12 seconds into the podcast.
For conventions on the use of titles of plays, poems etc within your writing: Humanities students may be required to follow strict conventions and should seek advice from departmental staff.
Poem in an anthology (e-book)
Reference format
Author of poem Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of poem. In Editor of book Initial, Surname (Ed.), Title of book (edition, page numbers). Publisher. URL.
Example full reference
Browning, R. (2002). Mesmerism. In L. Otis (Ed.), Literature and science in the nineteenth century: an anthology (pp. 415-419). Oxford University
Press. http://www.vlebooks.com
Example in-text citations
The 19th century interest in mesmerism can be seen in this poem by Browning (2002).
The poem dramatizes the idea of mesmerism (Browning, 2002).
Poem in an anthology (print)
Reference format
Author of poem Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of poem. In Editor of book Initial, Surname (Ed.), Title of book (edition, page numbers). Publisher.
Example full reference
Browning, R. (2002). Mesmerism. In L. Otis (Ed.), Literature and science in the nineteenth century: an anthology (pp. 415-419). Oxford University
Press.
Example in-text citations
The 19th century interest in mesmerism can be seen in this poem by Browning (2002).
The poem dramatizes the idea of mesmerism (Browning, 2002).
Poem in a book by the poet (print)
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of poem. In Title of book (page numbers). Publisher.
Example full reference
Mort, H. (2016). Ablation. In No Map Could Show Them (p. 42). Chatto & Windus.
Example in-text citations
The poem discusses heart surgery (Mort, 2016).
Mort's poem Ablation (2016) describes heart surgery.
Lines numbers if you wish to quote from or direct the reader to a specific section in a particularly long poem you may include the line number(s) in your citation. The following example (Mort, 2016, p.3, lines 4-6) refers to page 3, lines 4-6.
Reference format
Name of company. (Year, Month date.) Title of press release [Press release]. URL
Example reference
International Black History Month UK. (2020, October 13). Black History Month UK: IBHM International explains the history behind Black History
Month UK and how to celebrate it [Press release]. https://www.journalism.co.uk/press-releases/black-history-month-uk/s66/a762307
Example in-text citations
International Black History Month UK (2020) suggested ways to celebrate Black History Month.
Black History Month is an opportunity to learn about black British history (International Black History Month UK, 2020).
Radio programme
Reference format
Presenter Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Date of broadcast). Title of programme [Radio broadcast]. Broadcasting company.
Example full reference
Bunn, G. (2011, November 9). The origin of common sense [Radio broadcast]. BBC Radio 4.
Example in-text citations
Bunn (2011) examined the history of common sense.
Common sense has complex historical origins (Bunn, 2011).
Radio programme (online)
Reference format
Presenter Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Date of broadcast). Title of programme [Radio broadcast]. Broadcasting company. URL
Example full reference
Bunn, G. (2011, November 9). The origin of common sense [Radio broadcast]. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b016x234
Example in-text citations
Bunn (2011) examined the history of common sense.
Common sense has complex historical origins (Bunn, 2011).
Time stamp you may use a time stamp in citations for both direct quotes and paraphrases from radio programmes accessed online in place of page numbers. Follow the pattern hours/minutes/seconds. (Bunn, 2011, 1:24:06) here the 1:24:05 refers to 1 hour 24 minutes and 5 seconds into the programme.
These include texts such as the Bible, Torah or Quran.
If you are quoting from or paraphrase a specific section of a religious text, include details of the book, Sura or chapter and verse within your in-text citation. You may also include page numbers in your citation where it would help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work.
Religious text (e-book)
Reference format
Book title/version. (Year). Publisher. URL
Example reference
The Bible: authorised King James version with apocrypha. (2008). Oxford University Press. https://www.amazon.co.uk/
Religious text (print)
Reference format
Book title/version. (Year). Publisher.
Example reference
The Bible: authorised King James version with apocrypha. (2008). Oxford University Press.
Example in-text citations (with reference to a specific verse)
In The Bible: authorised King James version (2008, Genesis 4:9), Cain asked whether he was his brother’s keeper.
Cain asked whether he was his brother’s keeper (The Bible: authorised King James version, 2008, Genesis 4:9).
This format can be used for referencing reports published by organisations (e.g. government departments, charities or companies).
If no individual people are named as the authors of the report, you should use the name of the organisation as the author. See Company as an author.
Some reports (e.g. government reports) are numbered. If the report does not have a number, you can leave this out of the reference.
If you have used the name of the organisation as the author, you do not need to list the organisation again before the URL. See examples below.
Page numbers although it is not required to provide a page number in the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one in addition to the author and year where it would help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work such as a report.
Report (online) with a person as the author
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of report (Report number). Name of organisation. URL
Example full reference
Brown, R. (2018). Mental health and wellbeing provision in schools. Department for Education. https://www.gov.uk
/government/publications/mental-health-and-wellbeing-provision-in-schools
Example in-text citations
Brown (2018) investigated school policies on pupil wellbeing.
Schools have taken various approaches to pupil wellbeing (Brown, 2018).
Report (online) with an organisation as the author
Reference format
Name of organisation. (Year). Title of report (Report number). URL
Example full reference
Department for Education. (2015). Mental health and behaviour in schools: departmental advice for school staff. https://www.gov.uk
/government/publications/mental-health-and-behaviour-in-schools--2
Example in-text citations
Department for Education (2015) found that mental health issues affect children’s behaviour.
Mental health issues can affect children’s behaviour (Department for Education, 2015).
Report (print)
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of report (Report number). Name of organisation.
Example full reference
Brown, R. (2018). Mental health and wellbeing provision in schools (3). Department for Education.
Example in-text citations
Brown (2018) investigated school policies on pupil wellbeing.
Schools have taken various approaches to pupil wellbeing (Brown, 2018).
You should only reference information found on social media if you are sure that it is a reliable academic source, or if you are specifically studying social media. If in doubt, check with your lecturer first.
For social media references, the title should be the first 20 words of the post. If a post includes images, videos, links etc., this information goes in square brackets after the post title.
If you accessed a social media post using an app, you do not need to provide the URL.
Reference format
Name of account. (Date). Title. [Image/video attached if applicable] [Post type]. Facebook. URL
Example reference
News from Science. (2019, June 21). Are you a fan of astronomy? Enjoy reading about what scientists have discovered in our solar system - and
beyond? This [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/ScienceNOW/photos/a.117532185107/10156268057260108/type=3&theater
Example in-text citations
News from Science (2019) reports that a surprising meteorite discovery points to earlier chaos.
A surprising meteorite discovery points to earlier chaos (News from Science, 2019).
Reference format
Post author Surname, Initials. [@username]. (Date). Title. [Image/video attached if applicable] [Post type]. Instagram. URL
Example reference
Ocasio-Cortez, A. [@repaoc]. (2020, December 30). With our first term in Congress coming to an end, we wanted to take a look back at the
rollercoaster… [Image attached] [Instagram post]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CJbXU-NlLmv/
Example in-text citation
Ocasio-Cortez (2020) summarised the political achievements of her first term in Congress.
Several new pieces of legislation were passed during the first term (Ocasio-Cortez, 2020).
Reference format
Tweet author Surname, Initials. [@username]. (Date). Title. [Image/video attached if applicable] [Post type]. Twitter. URL
Example reference
Abbott, D. [@HackneyAbbott]. (2021, January 7). No child should be deprived of an education because their parents can't afford the cost of home
internet. The Government...[Video attached]. [Tweet] Twitter. https://twitter.com/HackneyAbbott/status/ 1347218992214269957
Example in-text citation
Abbott (2021) suggested the government should provide free broadband.
Children’s education can suffer without home internet (Abbott, 2021).
Statutory Instruments (also known as SIs) are a form of legislation. They enable an Act of Parliament to be brought into force or amended without a new act being passed.
Statutory Instrument (online)
Reference format
Title of Statutory Instrument including year. SI Year enacted/Number. Publisher. URL
Example full reference
Further Education Loans Regulations 2012. SI 2012/1818. Stationery Office. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2012/1818/pdfs/uksi_ 20121818_en.pdf
Example in-text citations
The Further Education Loans Regulations (2012) demonstrate this.
This is demonstrated in the Statutory Instrument laid before Parliament (Further Education Loans Regulations, 2012).
Statutory Instrument (print)
Reference format
Title of Statutory Instrument including year. SI Year enacted/Number. Publisher.
Example full reference
Further Education Loans Regulations 2012. SI 2012/1818. Stationery Office.
Example in-text citations
The Further Education Loans Regulations (2012) demonstrates this.
This is demonstrated in the Statutory Instrument laid before Parliament (Further Education Loans Regulations, 2012).
Television programme (series)
Reference format
Executive Producer Surname, Initial. (Executive Producer). (Dates of broadcast). Title of programme [TV series]. Production company.
Example full reference
Jones, A., & Brooker, C. (Executive Producers). (2011-2019). Black Mirror [TV series]. House of Tomorrow.
Example in-text citations
Jones and Brooker (2011-2019) explored themes of technology in Black Mirror.
Black Mirror explored themes of technology and humanity (Jones & Brooker, 2011-2019).
Television programme (episode from a series)
Reference format
Writer Surname, Initial. (Writer) & Director Surname, Initial. (Director). (Original air date). Title of episode (Series number, Episode number) [TV
series episode]. In Executive Producer Initial, Surname (Executive Producer), Series title. Production company.
Example full reference
Brooker, C. (Writer) & Foster, J. (Director). (22 December 2019). Arkangel (Series 4, Episode 2) [TV series episode]. In A. Jones & C. Brooker
(Executive Producers), Black Mirror. House of Tomorrow.
Example in-text citations
Brooker and Foster (2017) explored the influence of technology on parenting.
The impact of technology on parenting was explored in Arkangel (Brooker & Foster, 2017).
Time stamp you may use a time stamp in citations for both direct quotes and paraphrases from TV programmes in place of page numbers. Follow the pattern hours/minutes/seconds. (Brooker & Foster, 2017, 1:10:25) here the 1:10:25 refers to 1 hour 10 minutes and 25 seconds into the programme.
References for treaties or international conventions should include the name of the treaty, convention or other agreement, the signing or approval date and a URL if available.
Reference format
Name of treaty or convention, Month Day, Year, URL
Example full reference
United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child, November 20, 1989, https://www.unicef.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/UNCRC_united_nations_convention_on_the_rights_of_the_child.pdf
Example in-text citations
(United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989)
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989)
You should only use information found in an online video if you are sure that it is a reliable academic source (or if, for example, you are specifically studying YouTube videos). If in doubt, ask your lecturer.
For online videos, the "author" in the reference is the person or organisation who posted the video online.
If you can’t identify the author of a video, see Screen names and online usernames
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video]. Name of website. URL
Example full reference
Hawkinson, S. (2017, February 24). Controversial psychology experiments [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=axs9lViyghA
Example in-text citations
Hawkinson (2017) stated that many controversial experiments are now seen as unethical.
Many controversial psychology experiments are now viewed as unethical (Hawkinson, 2017).
Time stamp you may use a time stamp in citations for both direct quotes and paraphrases from online videos in place of page numbers. Follow the pattern hours/minutes/seconds. (Hawkinson, 2017, 35:12) here the 35:12 refers to 35 minutes and 12 seconds into the video.
You should only use information found on a website if you are sure that it is a reliable academic source. If in doubt, ask your lecturer.
If you can't identify the author of a website, you should use the name of the organisation as the author. E.g. for an article with no author on the Mind website, you could use Mind as the author.
If you have used the organisation as the author, you do not need to include it again before the URL. See examples below.
Website (with a person as the author)
Reference format
Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of webpage. Name of website. URL
Example full reference
Brenner, G. H. (2020, January 19). Is burnout actually a form of depression? Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com
/gb/blog/psychiatry-the-people/202001/is-burnout-actually-form-depression
Example in-text citations
Brenner (2020) questioned the difference between burnout and depression.
Burnout may be classed as a form of depression (Brenner, 2020).
Website (with an organisation as the author)
Reference format
Name of organisation. (Year, Month Day). Title of webpage. URL
Example full reference
Mind. (2017, December). Food and mood. https://www.mind.org.uk/ information-support/tips-for-everyday-living/food-and-mood/about-food-
and-mood/
Example in-text citations
Mind (2017) suggested that healthy eating can improve your mood.
Healthy eating can improve your mood (Mind, 2017).
Occasionally it may be necessary to reference your own work which you have submitted for a previous assessment (e.g. for a reflective report, or to avoid self-plagiarism). If you are not sure whether to reference your own work, check with your lecturer first. TEST
Reference format
Student surname, Initial. (Year). Title of essay/assignment [Unpublished essay]. Module code. Name of university.
Example full reference
Firth, B. (2017). Referencing: friend or foe? [Unpublished essay]. HIS5033. Leeds Trinity University.
Example in-text citation
Firth (2017)
(Firth, 2017)